船模的制作步驟與方法

The production steps and methods of ship models

　　要制作一艘船模，初學(xué)者首先要掌握三點(diǎn)。一，常用基本工具的種類與使用。二，船體的結(jié)構(gòu)。三，看懂圖紙。

To make a ship model, beginners first need to master three points. 1、 Types and usage of commonly used basic tools. 2、 The structure of the ship's hull. 3、 Understand the drawings.

　　一，常用基本工具：

1、 Common basic tools:

　　卷尺，鋼板尺，角尺，木鋸，斜口刀，鉤刀，剪刀，木銼刀，小鑷子，尖嘴鉗，小木工刨，線鋸，小臺(tái)鉗。條件具備的話再有手電鉆，曲線鋸，砂輪機(jī)，角磨機(jī)，車床等那更得心應(yīng)手，事半功倍了。還有些消耗品：粘接劑，紗紙，油漆，膩?zhàn)樱崴ⅰ?/p>

Tape measure, steel ruler, angle ruler, wooden saw, diagonal knife, hook knife, scissors, wooden file, small tweezers, pointed nose pliers, small woodworking planer, wire saw, small table pliers. If the conditions are met, there are more convenient options such as hand drills, curve saws, grinding machines, angle grinders, lathes, etc., which can achieve twice the result with half the effort. There are also some consumables: adhesives, gauze, paint, putty, paint brushes.

　　卷尺和鋼板尺用來測(cè)量材料。木鋸，鋼鋸裁取材料，角尺是畫直角或檢查直角的尺，船體裝配時(shí)也經(jīng)常用到。

A tape measure and a steel plate ruler are used to measure materials. Wooden saws and hacksaws cut materials, and angle rulers are rulers used to draw or inspect right angles, which are also frequently used in ship assembly.

　　制作模型時(shí)用的最多的是刀，刀的種類很多，根據(jù)需要自制不同的刀，使用一把得心應(yīng)手的刀有利于提高效率和進(jìn)度。

The most commonly used tool for making models is the knife, which has many types. Different knives can be made according to needs, and using a handy knife can help improve efficiency and progress.

　　斜口刀是使用方便用途最廣的一種刀?？捎脧U的鋼鋸條在砂輪機(jī)上自己磨制，有些文具店也有售，質(zhì)量相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)，價(jià)格也很便宜。鉤刀在裁取薄板時(shí)很得心應(yīng)手。在裝潢材料超市能買到。

The oblique blade is the most convenient and versatile type of knife. Scrap steel saw blades can be ground on a grinder, and some stationery stores also sell them. The quality is quite good and the price is also very cheap. The hook knife is very adept at cutting thin plates. You can buy it at the decoration material supermarket.

　　其他的工具都會(huì)在制作小零件時(shí)用到。

Other tools will be used when making small parts.

　　粘接劑宜使用快干型的，粘接力越大越好。每種膠都各有長(zhǎng)處和短處，白乳膠價(jià)格低，粘接力也可以，但干的太慢，影響制做效率，所做船模不能下水和受潮。市面上所售的502，效果不錯(cuò)，但對(duì)粘合面的平整度要求較高，而且較適宜硬木的粘接。有些快干型的樹脂膠更是物美價(jià)廉。

It is advisable to use quick drying adhesives, and the greater the bonding force, the better. Each type of adhesive has its own strengths and weaknesses. White latex has a low price and good adhesion, but it dries too slowly, affecting production efficiency. The ship model made cannot be launched or damp. The 502 sold on the market has a good effect, but it requires a high level of smoothness on the bonding surface and is more suitable for bonding hardwood. Some quick drying resin adhesives are even more cost-effective.

　　二，船體的結(jié)構(gòu)：

2、 Hull structure:

　　船體由甲板，船殼板，龍骨，龍筋，肋骨，船首柱，船尾柱等組成。真的艦船的船體結(jié)構(gòu)是十分復(fù)雜的，而一般模型

The hull is composed of a deck, shell plating, keel, ribs, bow columns, stern columns, etc. The hull structure of a real ship is very complex, while general models

　　的船體要簡(jiǎn)單的多。

The ship's hull is much simpler.

　　龍骨：由船體基底貫穿船首船尾的縱向構(gòu)件。（相當(dāng)于房屋的大梁）主要承受船體的縱向彎曲力矩。

Keel: A longitudinal component that runs through the bow and stern of a ship from the base of the hull. (Equivalent to the main beam of a house) mainly bears the longitudinal bending moment of the ship's hull.

　　龍筋：由船體四沿貫穿船首船尾的縱向構(gòu)件。由細(xì)木條制作，主要提高船體承受外力的強(qiáng)度。

Dragon tendon: a longitudinal component that runs through the bow and stern of a ship along all four sides of the hull. Made of thin wooden strips, mainly to enhance the strength of the ship's ability to withstand external forces.

　　肋骨：船體內(nèi)的橫面構(gòu)件。一般用三合板制作。主要承受側(cè)面水壓力。

Ribs: Horizontal components within a ship's hull. Usually made of plywood. Mainly withstand lateral water pressure.

　　船殼板：船體的外部面板，用薄木板和木條拼結(jié)制作。主要承受船體的縱向彎曲力，水壓力，外部撞擊力。

Hull panel: The outer panel of the hull, made by splicing thin wooden boards and strips of wood. Mainly withstand the longitudinal bending force, water pressure, and external impact force of the ship's hull.

　　三，看懂圖紙：

3、 Understanding drawings:

　　要做船模，首先要學(xué)會(huì)看懂圖紙。一般的船模圖紙會(huì)包括船的剖線圖，外型圖，構(gòu)造圖和零件圖。外型圖，構(gòu)造圖和零件圖一般初學(xué)者都能看懂，剖線圖就有些吃力了。

To make a ship model, one must first learn to understand the drawings. The general ship model drawings will include the ship's sectional drawing, exterior drawing, structural drawing, and parts drawing. Outline drawings, construction drawings, and part drawings are generally understandable to beginners, but sectional drawings can be a bit challenging.

　　剖線圖也叫船體線型圖。船體是一個(gè)不規(guī)則的幾何體，為了正確標(biāo)識(shí)船體的形狀和大小，需要船體線型圖來將船體各部分剖開展示。船體線型圖有三種：縱剖線型圖，橫剖線型圖，半寬水線圖?？磮D時(shí)，一定要弄懂字母和數(shù)字的含義。

A sectional diagram, also known as a ship line diagram. The hull is an irregular geometric body, and in order to accurately identify the shape and size of the hull, a hull line diagram is needed to cut open and display the various parts of the hull. There are three types of ship hull line diagrams: longitudinal section line diagram, transverse section line diagram, and half width waterline diagram. When reading a picture, it is important to understand the meaning of letters and numbers.

　　一般在制作船體的時(shí)侯，只用橫剖線型圖就行了，用橫剖線做出肋骨，將肋骨按標(biāo)示的位置一一裝到龍骨上，船體的基本形狀就出來了。因此橫剖線型圖也叫肋骨線型圖，許多船模圖紙只給出橫剖線型圖，道理就在于此。

Generally, when making a ship, only the cross-sectional line diagram is needed. The ribs are made using the cross-sectional line and installed on the keel one by one according to the marked positions. The basic shape of the ship is then determined. Therefore, the cross-sectional line diagram is also known as the rib line diagram, and many ship model drawings only provide the cross-sectional line diagram, which is why.

　　有了縱剖線型圖和橫剖線型圖，就可以開始制作船體了。

With the longitudinal and transverse section line diagrams, you can start making the hull.

　　用透明紙將縱剖線型圖描下來，修整成前部（船首柱）下部和后部（船尾柱）連在一起

Use transparent paper to draw the longitudinal section line diagram, and trim it to connect the front (bow column), lower part, and rear (stern column) together

　　貼在木材上，依線鋸下，就是龍骨。

Stick it onto the wood and saw it off along the line to form the keel.

　　用同樣方法，將橫剖線型圖制成全部的肋骨。注意，一般圖紙上橫剖圖因船體對(duì)稱只畫半邊，因此描圖時(shí)先要將透明紙對(duì)折，將疊邊對(duì)準(zhǔn)橫剖圖的中心線，描下所需的某號(hào)橫剖線，順線剪下，然后展開白紙即是某號(hào)肋骨外型，貼在木板上鋸下。[假如是電動(dòng)模型要 做成框狀，以便船體安裝其他電動(dòng)機(jī)和電池 ] 制作要細(xì)心，尺寸要準(zhǔn)確?？捎娩S刀修飾。

Using the same method, create all the ribs from the cross-sectional line diagram. Note that on general drawings, only half of the horizontal section is drawn due to the symmetry of the ship. Therefore, when drawing, the transparent paper should be folded in half, and the overlapping edges should be aligned with the centerline of the horizontal section. The required number of horizontal section lines should be drawn, cut along the lines, and then unfold the white paper to obtain the shape of the number of ribs, which should be sawn off on the wooden board. If it is an electric model, it should be made into a frame shape for the installation of other motors and batteries on the ship. The production should be careful and the dimensions should be accurate. Can be modified with a file.

　　在肋骨中下部開槽，大小以嵌進(jìn)龍骨為準(zhǔn)，再在肋骨上開好龍筋槽?？拷状驳睦吖且槕?yīng)船體的弧線將邊緣修整成一定的斜角。

Make a groove in the middle and lower part of the rib, with the size based on the embedded keel, and then make a groove in the rib. The ribs near the bow and stern of the ship should be trimmed to a certain angle according to the curve of the hull.

　　4，然后按圖紙上標(biāo)示的肋骨號(hào)碼位置將肋骨一一粘在龍骨上。注意肋骨之間要平行，肋骨與龍骨要互相垂直。

4. Then stick the ribs one by one onto the keel according to the rib number and position indicated on the drawing. Note that the ribs should be parallel and the ribs and keel should be perpendicular to each other.

　　5，在肋骨上鑲嵌粘結(jié)龍筋，增加船體強(qiáng)度。（有些船模不裝龍筋，直接貼板）

5. Embed bonded dragon ribs on the ribs to increase the strength of the ship. (Some ship models are not equipped with dragon ribs and are directly pasted with boards)

　　6，龍筋與船首的粘接難度較大，可以借助電吹風(fēng)加熱彎曲和鐵夾固定。

6. The adhesion between the dragon tendon and the bow of the ship is difficult, and it can be heated and bent with a hair dryer and fixed with iron clips.

　　7，粘貼底板和側(cè)板。用薄木板裁成細(xì)條比較容易粘接。注意拼縫越小越好。膠水凝固慢可以用大頭針固定。

7. Paste the bottom and side panels. Cutting thin wooden boards into thin strips is easier to bond. Pay attention to the smaller the seam, the better. Glue can be fixed with a pin if it solidifies slowly.

　　8，粘接甲板。并預(yù)先在甲板中間開出框孔，框孔的大小和位置依據(jù)艙面建筑部分大小而定，假如不安裝電機(jī)的話就不用開框孔。

8. Adhesive deck. And a frame hole should be opened in the middle of the deck in advance, and the size and position of the frame hole should be determined based on the size of the cabin building. If the motor is not installed, there is no need to open the frame hole.

　　9，做艙面部分（也就是甲板以上的部件）。根據(jù)圖紙尺寸用薄木板，木條制作，工序是粘接、補(bǔ)膩?zhàn)?、砂紙打光?/p>

9. Make the deck section (i.e. the components above the deck). According to the drawing dimensions, thin wooden boards and strips are used for production, and the process includes bonding, putty filling, sanding and polishing

　　上漆。

Painting.

　　10，船體基本完工，最后一道工藝是嵌縫與油漆。每艘船模，總有接縫和凹陷不平的地方，這就需要用膩?zhàn)犹硌a(bǔ)刮平，裝潢材料市場(chǎng)有賣現(xiàn)成嵌縫膩?zhàn)?，非常方便好用。假如想自制的話，常用的膩?zhàn)优浞接校菏熵i血調(diào)干老粉；快干膠調(diào)滑石粉；磁漆調(diào)石膏粉；噴漆調(diào)石膏粉，里面屬最后一種膩?zhàn)有Ч詈?。膩?zhàn)痈珊?，要?xì)細(xì)打磨，不平的地方要刮第二遍膩?zhàn)?，一般多為三遍?/p>

10. The hull is basically completed, and the final process is caulking and painting. Every ship model always has seams and uneven areas, which require putty to be added and scraped flat. The decoration material market sells ready-made joint putty, which is very convenient and easy to use. If you want to make your own putty, the commonly used formula is: dried pig blood seasoned old powder; Quick drying adhesive mixed with talcum powder; Magnetic paint mixed with gypsum powder; Spray paint mixed with gypsum powder, which belongs to the last type of putty with the best effect. After the putty is dry, it needs to be finely polished. For uneven areas, a second layer of putty should be applied, usually three times.

　　11，噴漆或者刷漆。漆要薄，稀，沒有雜質(zhì)，多刷[噴]幾遍，每遍之間用細(xì)砂紙輕輕打磨。注意：刷漆要用磁漆，并且前道膩?zhàn)右糜托阅佔(zhàn)?。磁漆不能和噴漆混合使用。模型晾干時(shí)。要放置在沒有灰塵，沒有陽光直射的通風(fēng)的地方。有些零件等油漆后再粘接到船體上比較方便些。

11. Spray paint or brush paint. The paint should be thin, thin, and free of impurities. Brush [spray] several times, and gently polish with fine sandpaper between each coat. Attention: When painting, use enamel paint, and the first layer of putty should use oil-based putty. Magnet paint cannot be mixed with spray paint. When the model is air dried. It should be placed in a ventilated area without dust and direct sunlight. It is more convenient to bond some parts to the ship after painting.

　　模型擱架的制作：

Production of Model Shelves:

　　模型擱架也叫模型支架，可以根據(jù)自己的喜好自己設(shè)計(jì)，自由發(fā)揮，原則上美觀牢固就好。最常見的有立式支架和橫擱架這么兩種，可以根據(jù)艇型選用制作。

The model shelf, also known as the model bracket, can be designed according to one's own preferences and can be freely used. In principle, it should be aesthetically pleasing and sturdy. The most common types are vertical brackets and horizontal brackets, which can be selected and made according to the boat type.

　　立式支架宜成對(duì)使用，材料選用銅質(zhì)或木質(zhì)都可以，最后要將底部與擱置處緊固結(jié)實(shí)，粘接或鏍絲釘都行。這里告訴初學(xué)者一個(gè)小竅門，有一些家具的拉手是很漂亮的，買回來稍加整修就能用，效果很好。

Vertical brackets should be used in pairs, and materials such as copper or wood can be used. Finally, the bottom and the resting area should be firmly fastened, bonded or screwed. Here's a little trick for beginners: some furniture handles are very beautiful and can be used with a little renovation after purchase, with good results.

　　還有 一種全新的海浪襯架，將襯架做成仿真的海浪型，材料用的是水泥，泡沫塑料，牙科材料易凝等，有興趣者不妨動(dòng)手試試，做的好會(huì)將船模襯托的 令自己驚喜不已。

There is also a new sea wave lining frame. The lining frame is made of cement, foam plastic, dental materials that are easy to set. Those who are interested in it may want to try it. If it is done well, it will set off the ship model to surprise themselves.

　　帆船模型制作技巧和注意事項(xiàng)

Techniques and precautions for making sailboat models

　　A：將圖紙復(fù)印放大或縮小到自己所需要的尺寸，局部放大縱剖、橫剖線型圖。（街上的打字復(fù)印店都能復(fù)印放大）。

A: Copy and enlarge the drawings to the desired size, and partially enlarge the vertical and horizontal line diagrams. The typing and copying shops on the street can make copies and enlarge them.

　　然后用透明白紙將縱剖、橫剖線圖一一描下，貼在木板上（如前所述）鋸成龍骨，肋骨，粘接成船架。

Then use transparent white paper to draw the longitudinal and transverse section lines one by one, stick them on the wooden board (as mentioned earlier), saw them into keels and ribs, and bond them together to form the ship frame.

　　B：備齊必要的工具和材料：刻刀，鋼鋸，尺子。刻刀可以用鋸條自己磨制。砂紙240#，600#，1000#各備幾張，油漆根據(jù)自己的裝飾要求準(zhǔn)備。一搬有兩種裝飾漆法，喜歡展示木紋線條的用清漆漆法，圖紙上標(biāo)有實(shí)船顏色的而自己又喜歡的就用實(shí)船顏色漆法。

B: Prepare necessary tools and materials: knives, hacksaws, rulers. The carving knife can be ground by oneself with a saw blade. Prepare a few sandpapers for 240 #, 600 #, and 1000 # each, and prepare the paint according to your own decoration requirements. There are two types of decorative paint methods for one move. For those who like to display wood grain lines, use the clear paint method. For those marked with the color of the actual ship on the blueprint and those they like, use the real ship color paint method.

　　C：找木料：家中有現(xiàn)成的木料最好，沒有可以在裝修市場(chǎng)買點(diǎn)裝修龍骨和木線（很少的一點(diǎn)錢），回來自己用鋸裁成細(xì)木條，用砂紙打打光就很不錯(cuò)。薄木板可以用膠合板制作，將膠合板在水里泡透，揭下表層，洗凈膠液，壓平干透。

C: Looking for wood: It's best to have ready-made wood at home. If you don't have it, you can buy some decoration keel and wood thread (for a small amount of money) at the decoration market. When you come back, you can cut it into thin wooden strips by sawing and sanding it with sandpaper, which is very good. Thin wooden boards can be made of plywood. Soak the plywood thoroughly in water, remove the surface layer, wash the glue, press it flat and dry thoroughly.

　　D：加工圓柱體另件的方法：有車床更好,沒有車床就需徒手加工.比如說桅桿，桅桿一頭粗一頭細(xì)，先將木料下成正方形，再將正方形的木柱修成一頭粗一頭細(xì)，正方形的邊長(zhǎng)要等于圓柱（桅桿）的直徑，再將四方的棱角修平,修成8角,再找一塊破玻璃碎片，用銳邊將8方形的角刮園，用砂紙打光。

D: The method of processing cylindrical parts: It is better to have a lathe, but without a lathe, it needs to be processed by hand. For example, for a mast, one end of the mast is thick and the other end is thin. First, cut the wood into a square, and then trim the square wooden pillar into one end is thick and the other end is thin. The side length of the square should be equal to the diameter of the cylinder (mast). Then, flatten the edges of the square to form eight corners, and find a broken glass fragment. Scrape the corners of the eight squares with a sharp edge and polish them with sandpaper.

　　E：帆繩和纜索最好用棕色、咖啡色的絲線、尼龍線或蠟線，并根據(jù)實(shí)際功能決定粗細(xì)，過粗顯的笨拙，過細(xì)顯得失真無力。有需要作成拉直狀態(tài)的，可在繩上涂上502膠水拉直，干后既成。

E: It is best to use brown or brown silk thread, nylon thread, or wax thread for sail ropes and cables, and determine the thickness according to the actual function. If it is too thick, it will appear clumsy, and if it is too thin, it will appear distorted and powerless. If it is necessary to make it straight, you can apply 502 glue to the rope to straighten it, and it will be ready after drying.

　　F：帆布的選擇：假如是古西洋帆船，可選用泛黃的本白絲綢，按圖紙大小裁好后，縫上帆邊，（夾上纜繩），在帆布上按上下平行地扎上縫線。（實(shí)船上的縫線是起提高帆的強(qiáng)度作用）。安裝后，要將帆蓬做成受風(fēng)鼓起的狀態(tài)，有兩種做法，一種是噴上婦女整發(fā)用的定型水，再用電吹風(fēng)吹鼓定型。另一種是將帆布放在呈弧面的凸模上，刷上一遍透明膠，干后裁剪安裝。假如是現(xiàn)代帆船：布料要求薄而密。先畫出外形尺寸，（預(yù)留縫邊）剪下后用縫紉機(jī)扎牢返邊。主帆和前帆的各個(gè)角都要用同樣的布料做貼角。并在貼角的中間鉚上一個(gè)空心鉚釘，用來穿綁支索，以保護(hù)帆面的強(qiáng)度。

F: Selection of Canvas: If it is an ancient Western sailboat, yellow natural white silk can be used. After cutting according to the size of the blueprint, the sail edge can be sewn on (with a cable clip), and the seams can be tied parallel to the canvas. The stitching on the actual ship serves to enhance the strength of the sail. After installation, the sail canopy should be made in a windy and bulging state. There are two methods: one is to spray women's hair styling water, and then use a hair dryer to blow and shape it. Another method is to place the canvas on a curved convex mold, brush it with a layer of transparent adhesive, and then cut and install it after drying. If it's a modern sailboat: the fabric needs to be thin and dense. First, draw the external dimensions, (reserve the seam edge) cut them off, and then use a sewing machine to tie them firmly and return the edge. The corners of the main sail and front sail should be made of the same fabric for corner fitting. And rivet a hollow rivet in the middle of the corner to tie the support rope and protect the strength of the sail surface.

　　G：桅桿底部要加長(zhǎng)幾公分，在甲板上打完桅桿孔后，將這幾公分抹上膠水，插入孔中。

G: The bottom of the mast needs to be extended by a few centimeters. After drilling the mast holes on the deck, apply glue to these centimeters and insert them into the holes.

　　H：砂紙的使用要先粗后細(xì)，每打一道砂紙，就要用膩?zhàn)訉⒉黄教幹匦履ㄆ?，一般船體3—4道砂紙即可。切記要等膩?zhàn)痈珊蟛拍艽蛏凹垺?/p>

H: The use of sandpaper should be coarse first and then fine. For each layer of sandpaper applied, the uneven areas should be smoothed again with putty. Generally, 3-4 layers of sandpaper are sufficient for the hull. Remember to wait for the putty to dry before sanding.

　　I：刷漆時(shí)漆刷蘸漆不可過多，過多容易形成流痕。有的模型要漆水線，可以用分色紙（裝修店有賣）先貼住不漆的船體上部，刷完底部后，撕掉分色紙，漆線就很整齊，再貼住下部，換一種其他顏色漆刷完上部。

I: When painting, the paint brush should not be dipped too much, as excessive amount can easily form flow marks. Some models require paint lines. You can use color separation paper (available in the decoration store) to first stick to the unpainted upper part of the ship. After painting the bottom, tear off the color separation paper, and the paint lines will be neat. Then stick to the lower part and paint the upper part with a different color.

　　J：甲板有三種做法，最簡(jiǎn)單的是在整板上用鉛筆畫甲板縫線，但真實(shí)感較差；用刀尖在整板上刻劃甲板縫線，然

J: There are three ways to make a deck, the simplest of which is to draw the deck stitching with a pencil on the entire board, but the realism is poor; Use the tip of a knife to carve the deck seam on the entire board, then

　　后用淺棕色膩粉填染甲板縫，這樣做的甲板真實(shí)感較好，但從木紋上仍然能看出是整材的。最好的做法是用細(xì)木條拼接制作甲板，膠水要調(diào)成黑色或棕灰色，膠水干透將整塊甲板打磨平整，刷上亞光清漆或家具蠟，拼縫線就清晰自然了。。

After filling the seams of the nail board with light brown greasy powder, the deck feels better, but it can still be seen from the wood grain that it is made of whole wood. The best practice is to use thin wooden strips to splice together and make the deck. The glue should be adjusted to black or brownish gray, and the entire deck should be polished flat after the glue is dry. It should be brushed with matte varnish or furniture wax, and the seam lines will be clear and natural..

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